Referendums in Small States and Territories
Professor Caroline Morris, Queen Mary University of London, has co-authored a policy brief with Peter Clegg, University of the West of England, and Godfrey Baldacchino, L-Università ta' Malta.
This Policy Brief is inspired by the presentations and discussions from a two-day conference on Referendums in Small States and Territories held at Queen Mary University of London in April 2025. It was convened to critically explore the evolving futures of small island states and territories, particularly those with lingering colonial ties, within the analytical frame of referendums.
Referendums remain powerful yet paradoxical instruments of democratic expression—capable of both empowering citizens and entrenching elite agendas. In small states and territories, they offer a rare opportunity for direct civic engagement, often mobilising communities in ways that transcend routine political participation. However, their success hinges on careful design, transparent processes, and genuine political will. As the experiences of jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Bougainville, Grenada, New Caledonia, and Puerto Rico show, referendums can falter when poorly structured, inadequately supported, or manipulated for partisan gain.
The lessons drawn from recent and historical referendums underscore the importance of clarity in question framing, inclusivity in voter eligibility, and the need for robust public education. Moreover, the symbolic and strategic dimensions of referendums—particularly in post-colonial and semi-autonomous contexts—highlight their role not just in shaping policy, but in articulating identity, legitimacy, and aspirations for self-determination.
Read the full policy brief: Referendums in Small States and Territories Policy Brief [PDF 7,357KB]
More information:
Caroline Morris is Professor of Constitutional Law and Director of the Centre for Small States at Queen Mary University of London.